ADAPTERS

Adapters

In computer hardware, a host controller, host adapter, or host bus adapter (HBA) connects a host system (the computer) to other network and storage devices. The terms are primarily used to refer to devices for connecting SCSI, Fibre Channel and eSATA devices, but devices for connecting to IDE, Ethernet, FireWire, USB and other systems may also be called host adapters. Recently, the advent of iSCSI has brought about Ethernet HBAs, which are different from Ethernet NICs in that they include hardware iSCSI-dedicated TCP Offload Engines.

Lets look into some of the adapters

SCSI
A SCSI host adapter connects a SCSI bus to a computer. The host adapter bridges the physical and logical chasm that separates the SCSI bus from the host computer's internal bus. Modern host adapters contain all the electronics and firmware required to execute SCSI transactions, and often include a BIOS that not only allows the host system to boot from a SCSI device, but also facilitates configuration of the host adapter. Typically a device driver, linked to the operating system, controls the host adapter itself.
In a typical parallel SCSI subsystem, each device has assigned to it a unique numerical ID. As a rule, the host adapter appears as SCSI ID 7, which gives it the highest priority on the SCSI bus (priority descends as the SCSI ID descends; on a 16-bit or "wide" bus, ID 8 has the lowest priority, a feature that maintains compatibility with the priority scheme of the 8-bit or "narrow" bus).
The host adapter usually assumes the role of SCSI initiator, in that it issues commands to other SCSI devices.
A computer can contain more than one host adapter, which can greatly increase the number of SCSI devices available.
ATA
ATA host adapters are integrated into motherboards of most modern PCs. They are often improperly called disk controllers. The correct term for the component that allows a computer to talk to a peripheral bus is host adapter A proper disk controller only allows a disk to talk to the same bus.

SATA
SATA has extended and increased the performance of technology. Replace the previous generation parallel-attached SCSI (PAS) devices

eSATA
External Serial ATA disk enclosures and drives are increasingly common in the consumer computing market, but many SATA compatible motherboards and disk controllers do not include external SATA ports. As such, adapters to connect external SATA devices to ports on an internal SATA bus are commonly available.

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Applications
Adapters are used in many sides like audio, video ,computers etc

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